Family theories Essay

In this answer, I am going to discuss about the conjugal relationship in modern industrial societies. This means I will assess the claim that conjugal relationships are based on equality in modern industrial societies. I plan to structure my answer from housework and childcare, power and money management. The hours worked between husband and wife become more equal by the increased participation by women in the labour market have led to more equality in modern family life. This view is highly supported by many sociologists like Young and Willmott who suggest that the family is becoming more symmetrical and therefore, is in fact becoming more egalitarian via a ‘march of progress. ’ They suggest that the family is gradually improving in terms of equality as there has been a trend away from segregated conjugal roles and more of a shift towards joint ones. This they argue is due to major social changes in that women are more financially dependant with employment opportunities and so there is less of a need to rely on extended kin. This is further explained by Gershuny who suggests that because women have these employment opportunities, they are more likely to do less domestic work. This is shown by the item as it suggests that ‘men were making more of an effort to do housework when their wives were in full-time employment. By this change of position for women, it has meant that men are now more responsible for different household tasks therefore suggesting that equality within modern family life is evident and so this view seems correct. He emphasises the change in social values as a reason for this which is also supported by Sullivan’s study (2000) which found an increase in equal division of labour. This supports Young and Willmott’s ‘march of progress’ view that conjugal roles are becoming more symmetrical; thus suggesting that the view of equal gender roles and relationships is likely. Also, due to post-modern society, there are better living conditions compared to those during industrialisation and so this has drawn the men back into the family and thus has enabled them to help with housework and childcare as well as providing leisure time; enhancing equality in relationships. The social changes have meant that equality is becoming evident and so the statement seems highly likely. However, the functionalist view of equality in modern family life has been highly criticised particularly by feminists like Ann Oakley (1974). Oakley rejects the ‘March of progress’ view described by Young and Willmott as she suggests that this is simply exaggerated as we still live in a patriarchal society where women do most of the housework. She suggested that the methodology used by Young and Willmott was hardly convincing as their questions lacked in detail. In Oakley’s research, she found only 15% of husbands had a high participation in housework, showing how the statement is flawed as this clearly does not show evidence of equality in relationships and gender roles. Despite Gershuny suggesting that paid work entitled equality for women, Oakley suggested that this was only an extension of the housewife role. Therefore, unlike Parsons claim of a ‘natural’ role, feminists argue that this was socially constructed to enforce dependence on men which became worse with industrialisation as it forced women to stay within the home. Thus, it is clear that joint conjugal roles are not as ‘joint’ as functionalists initially suggested they were as the social changes have only exacerbated the role of women suggesting this so called equality does not exist. Besides, other feminists like Elsa Ferri and Kate Smith (1996) suggest that the changed position of women in terms of employment has only created a dual burden as they now have to undertake paid work as well as the unpaid housewife role. Ferri and Smith suggest that unlike Gershuny, increased employment has had little impact of the domestic labour as fewer than 4% of families had a father responsible for childcare. Therefore, women still remain responsible for the children as well as their employment responsibility; clearly suggesting that modern family life is not as equal as it seems. The dual burden is also supported by Dunscombe and Marsden’s theory of a triple burden in that women are expected to do the double shift of housework and paid work but also the caring of the emotional welfare of the family. This clearly disputes Gershuny’s idea that women are more equal due to employment as the triple burden means that they in fact gain more responsibilities than losing them. Next, feminists ‘point to inequalities of power and control that persist in modern family relationships’ as a key reason for inequality; again challenging the statement. Allan suggests that ideological factors limit women’s power in that they are ‘disadvantaged from the start. ’ This suggests that the family is always going to be founded on inequality; thus suggesting that the view of equality is limited. This is supported by Barrett and McIntosh who suggest that men gain far more from women’s domestic work than they give in financial support and that in turn this support often comes with ‘strings’ attached. Also, men are usually the ones who make decisions about finances despite some families being dual-earners. This is due to the fact that women are statistically still paid on average less than men; enhancing male economic power. Therefore you can question the extent of equality in modern family life. Resources are also said to be shared unequally like Kempson’s (1994) study among low-income families. This leaves women in poverty and so restricts their power in the family which creates an atmosphere of inequality in conjugal relationships. This is further explained by feminists Pahl and Vogler (1993) who focused on the effects of decision making within the family through ideas like ‘pooling’ and ‘allowance systems. They found a 31% increase in pooling where both partners have joint decision responsibility as well as a decline in allowance systems. However, it was still evident that men usually made huge financial decisions. Edgell also supports this as the levels of decision making are not equal due to the male economic power that still exists. Therefore, women have less say in the decisions and thus it is obvious that the view that gender roles and relationships are becoming more equal is incorrect as inequality in pay and decisions still exist. Similarly, this inequality of power has led to domestic violence which clearly shows how inequality is evident in that relationships are being gender dominated. Radical feminists like Millett and Firestone (1970) use domestic violence as a way to show that society is primarily founded on patriarchy and that men oppress and exploit women. They suggest that the inequality of power within the family maintains men’s power and so domestic violence is inevitable. Similarly, Dobash and Dobash suggest that marriage legitimises violence against women as it provides the male with power and the women with dependency, therefore evidently showing no signs of equality. Thus, this disputes the statement of gender roles and relationships becoming more equal with 1 in 4 women being assaulted in their lifetime according to Mirrlees-Black. Finally, childcare which is essentially about exercising responsibility for another person who is not fully responsible for herself and it entails seeing to all aspects of the child’s security and well-being, her growth and development at any and all times. Mary Boulton ( 1983 ) argues the exaggeration in the extent of men’s involvement in childcare and she denies that questions about who does what give a true picture of conjugal roles. She also claims that although men might help with particular tasks, it is their wives who retain primary responsibility for children. It is the wives who relegate non-domestic aspects of their lives to a low priority. This shows that there is still inequality in terms of childcare in conjugal relationships. In addition, Elsa Ferri and Kate Smith provide some empirical support for Boulton by conducting a study based on National Child Development Survey. The survey found it was still very rare for fathers to take primary responsibility for childcare. In both the sample of mothers and the sample of fathers it was very rare in dual-earner families, no-earner families or families where only the mother worked, for the man to be normally responsible for the children or to look after them when they were ill. In almost every category the man was the main carer in 4 percent or less of families. This is also supported by the radical feminist idea of ‘gender scripts’ in that there are expected norms in terms of gender roles and so patriarchal relationships are inevitable. Therefore, they suggest that equality without burdens will only be reached through same-sex relationships as this eliminates the ‘gender script’ idea. Thus, this enhances the inequality of the family, and suggests that the view that conjugal relationships are becoming more equal is in fact incorrect as the inevitability of patriarchal relationships means that equality cannot be established. In conclusion, I have discussed and assessed the view that conjugal relationships are based on equality in modern industrial societies by evaluating three sections which are hours worked, power and childcare. With all of the statement, I believe that conjugal relationships in modern industrial societies are not based on equality.

Nectar in a Sieve Analysis

Ashley S. Dela Vina English Nectar in a Sieve Novel Analysis K(What I know about the novel)| W(What I want to know about the novel)| L(What I learn from the novel)| Nectar in a Sieve is an Indian novel written by Kamala Markandaya. It is about a girl who was married at a young age to a farmer. And faced a lot of challenges throughout her life. | I want to know how the protagonist of the story will live her life as a wife. Also the struggles she will face and the things she would do and sacrifice in order to overcome her hardships in life. Life is naturally hard and disastrous. We just have to learn how to face these disasters in order to succeed and survive. Giving up is not the solution to everything. Hope and perseverance will always stand against the odds in our lives. Rukmani shows the need to hold onto hope and the nectar of life despite all the overflowing tragedies. | The KWL Chart The novel started with the protagonist, Rukamani, narrating her own story in a first person poin t of view. Having a flashback of all the happenings in her life, Rukmani was able to analyze all the different events in her life.Rukmani is an educated woman who is married to a farmer named Nathan at the age of twelve. Her marriage is one of the greatest times in her life and she is thankful that her husband is kind to her. Rukmani wishes to raise a happy and healthy family while Nathan wishes to buy their own land. They had their first child Ira, and then followed by five sons; Arjun, Thambi, Murugan, Raja and Selvam. In Rukmani’s later years she gave birth to Kuti. The major conflict in the novel was the fight between life and death for the poor people of the small village.But when you go beneath the surface, you will see that it is not just a matter of life and death, but also a fight between the evil and the good that was challenged by the constant struggles that happened. The arrival of the tannery was a turning point in Rukmani’s life. Her restriction to Iraâ⠂¬â„¢s freedom from the tannery workers foreshadows the troubles her son will have with them. Two of her sons were dismissed at the tannery for leading the strike of workers after sometime of working there. She deals with losing her daughter because of her marriage that is too good to be true.Her marriage is also a form of foreshadowing in the novel. It foreshadows the future trouble with her fertility and security. Her husband returned her to her family because she cannot bear a child. Rukmani tried seeking for Kenny’s help but it was too late because Ira’s husband already found another wife. Rukmani’s sixth son, Kuti, brought Ira out of depression. She took care of the child until drought came and the family suffered hunger again. Kunthi’s prostitution foreshadows Ira’s similar fate. Ira turned to prostitution in order to feed Kuti. Kenny’s comeback symbolises hope for them.He returned from his long absence with the money he will use to pu t up a hospital. He offers help to Rukmani’s son, Selvam to be his assistant which Selvam quickly accepted. Kunthi’s blackmail attempt exposes Rukmani’s long held secret (her visit to Kenny’s clinic) and reveals that Nathan fathered Kunthi’s sons. Just as Nathan and Rukmani’s marriage survived Kunthi’s storm and became stronger, the family survives the drought and dares to hope once again. Ira had an albino child from prostitution but the family welcomed the child wholeheartedly despite what the villagers think.Just when it seems that the family had overcome everything, the biggest of the challenges came. They were told that they have to leave their land immediately because it was already sold to the tannery. Their decision to go to the city marks as the climax because this will change the direction of their lives. In the city, they found Puli, an orphan who helped them look for their son. During their travel at the city, they found o ut that their son left his wife and child and moved to some other place. They were also robbed at the temple and Rukmani wanted to go back to their village.When Nathan died at the temple in Rukmani’s arms, she went back home with Puli. Rukmani is a very strong woman. She has undergone so many struggles but yet, she doesn’t lose hope. The novel has different themes: hunger as threat to dignity, knowledge as power, and importance of fertility. Hunger and poverty is a powerful enemy to someone. People will do everything for fear of hunger, even sacrifice their dignity. Rukmani lost her sons because of hunger. Her elder sons seek new lives in other land; another son was killed for stealing, leaving Rukmani grieving.For fear of hunger her daughter turned to prostitution. She herself almost killed someone for thinking the last piece of their rice was being taken. In the novel, hunger and poverty breeds people who has no dignity. People with knowledge hold power. The tannery won against the workers because they have more knowledge. For Rukmani, white men have power and so she turned to Kenny. Kunthi uses her knowledge of Rukmani and Nathan’s secrets to exercise evil power. Puli’s knowledge of the city helped Rukmani and Nathan to look for their son.The commendable characters in the novel were the ones who apply their knowledge to good deeds. Importance of fertility is shown throughout the novel. Not just the fertility of women but also the fertility of the land. She sought the help of Kenny for fear of infertility and this caused Kunthi to blackmail her. Ira’s problems were also caused by her barrenness. She lost her husband for not being able to produce him a child. The fertility of the land is a symbol of life, it is so important to the villagers for when the land does not produce, the people will starve.The bullocks were related to the peasants of the land. The bullocks highlight the harmony of nature. The bullocks, like the peas ants, suffered from the injustice of overwork. They overwork for their owners to earn a living every day. The sari is a sorce of dignity, status, and pride. Rukmani’s sari on her wedding shows that her father was the headman and that she comes from important people. The Hinduism belief, dharma was present in the novel. It was shown in the novel when Rukmani sold the sari together with their bullocks and other possessions to pay for the land they live.By selling her most prized possession, she reduces her attachment to worldly goods as an important step toward achieving the hindu virtue of dharma. Rukmani is a strong voice of the poor because she seaks with carity and truth. She gets stronger in every challenge because of her devotion to truth. With her, the Hindu belief that truth surpass all other moral values was shown in the novel. Sources: http://thebestnotes. com/booknotes/Nectar_Markandaya/Nectar_In_A_Sieve05. html http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/nectar/facts. html http ://www. enotes. com/nectar-sieve

The Influence of Globalization on Movies

The Influence of Globalization on movies Nowadays, movies, which are the most important entertainment of people, has spent much more money and time than before by a growing number of people. Different kinds of new movies play nearly everyday; and the way to watch a movie isn’t confined to the cinema. Along with the improvement of digital postproduction and digital effect is applied to the movies, they make people to be personally on the scene when you watch a movie. In the past twenty years, the changes of the ways to watch a movie and the movie technology have already influenced entertainment for people deeply. As we know, globalization on movies and films’ changes in the past twenty years had an effect on people’s daily life, so it was the reason for choosing this topic. We worked out six questionnaires about the project after deciding on the topic. We had 3 yes/no questions, for instance, do you like watching movies, how many movies do you watch per month and traditional movies are more valuable than commercial movies. In addition, we had a multiple choice in our survey, it is â€Å"Which kind of films do you like†. Besides these, two open questions were chosen, one is â€Å"What aspects of movie do you think have changed? †, another is â€Å"Which ways do you often watch movies? †. Our group planned to ask 12 people to answer the questions when we were finishing the questionnaires, so each group’s member needed to ask 3 people about the questions. Only my roommates were asked, and all questions were answered by a pencil. These men who were asked to answer the questions because of convenience; I could take up too much of their time to explain the project, the topic and the detail of the questions, too. The result was collected together when we finished asking the questions. The outcome of our survey is that all the interviewees like to watch movies. However, half of them watch movies less than 5 per month, nearly half of the interviewees watch 6 to 10 movies per month . Only one interviewee watches movies more than 20 per month. Disaster film and comedy film are the most popular movies among the interviewees, many people watch science fiction film and cartoon film as well. Fewer interviewees like watching crime film. A majority of people consider that movies’ theme need to change most because they want to watch a variety of movies. Meanwhile, the way to watch a movie is infinite variety, such as internet, at home by a DVD, cinema and web TV phone. Most interviewees also believe that traditional movies are more valuable than commercial movies. It can be seen from the survey’s figures that the ways to watch a movie and the movie technology have changed most in the past twenty years. Over the past days, only cinema was supplied for people who wanted to watch a movie. But now, more and more people watch movies at home through Family Cinema and computer because they make people comfortably. People can sit on the sofa even or lie in bed to watch a movie, and they are able to have some food and drink at the same time. However, in my opinion, movies’ changes which affect entertainment of people most is movie technology, particularly is computer digital special effects’ appearance. Digital special effect is not only a supplement for film editing, it have already penetrated into every aspect of movies, such as screenplay, scene, stage-ties and postproduction. The directors’ imagination is also at liberty to gallop on through the digital special effect. It makes people to be personally on the scene and shock each audience’s ghost. There is no doubt that people’s daily life is closed related to movies, and they play a very significant role in people’s entertainment life. Movies’ changes have never terminated in the past twenty years, and film industry has undergone enormous changes.

What is the EU a trading area or an enlarged European State Should Dissertation

What is the EU a trading area or an enlarged European State Should Turkey allowed to join the club - Dissertation Example The so-called Kemalist ideology of Turkey is based on the philosophies developed by Kemal Ataturk, the first president of the Republic of Turkey (1923-1938). His ambition was to modernise the nation and, thereby, launch Turkey into mainstream Western culture.Ever since the foundation of modern day Turkey in 1923, this country with a predominantly Muslim population has been a secular democracy closely aligned with the West. Turkey was a founding member of the United Nations, and has been a member of NATO since 1952, the Council of Europe since 1949, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) since 1961 and an associate member of the Western European Union since 1992. Ankara chose to begin co-operating closely with the then European Economic Community (EEC) in 1959, and Turkey's prospective membership of the EEC's successor, the European Union, has been a source of much debate ever since. Turkey's relationship with the EEC was legally sanctioned in 1963 when it si gned an Association Agreement with the EU. This is the first preliminary step on the path to full membership. Since then, Turkish hopes have been put on hold, particularly following its invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and the military coup of 1980.A major turning point for Turkey's EU prospects was the decision reached at the Helsinki Summit in December 1999 to grant official candidate status to the country. In the period between 1999 and 2004, Turkey took great steps in order to meet the Copenhagen criteria, especially regarding stable institutions, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and the protection of minorities. A key step in this process was the signing of the protocol on the de facto abolition of the death penalty. The European Council decided in December 2004 to open accession negotiations with Turkey in October the following year. Nevertheless, practical negotiations on the 35 chapters of the ‘acquis communautaire’ only began in June 2006. From the very beginnings of the creation of the European Union, Turkey has shown a keen interest in the integration process in Europe and, indeed has considered becoming a member of EU to be a logical consequence of its modernisation and Westernisation policies. Consequently, it came as no surprise when Turkey applied for associate membership in 1959 and went on to sign the Ankara Agreement with the EU in 1963, an agreement which not only recognised Turkey’s eligibility to participate in European integration but explicitly envisaged Turkey’s eventual full membership of the EU. EU-Turkey relations have, however, experienced serious difficulties resulting from the essential incompatibility of both parties’ policies with the declared objectives of their Association agreement. In particular, it seems unlikely that the ultimate objectives of the Association Agreement –Turkish accession to the EU – will be achieved in the foreseeable future. On the one hand, this is b ecause the EU has always considered Turkey to be an awkward candidate for EU membership: turkey is different, problematic and thus, by implication, a more difficult case than any other applicants. The EU scepticism towards the prospect of Turkish membership can be seen in its policies, which have basically south to maintain and strengthen the existing Association Agreement. However, this has been inadequate to prepare Turkey for EU membership. In fact, the EU has developed an alternative approach towards Turkey, which can be best described as containment strategy, designed to delay indefinitely the prospect of membership while keeping Turkey within economic, security and political sphere of influence of the EU. This paper argued that the EU has treated Turkey differently compared to the other applicant countries in the present enlargement round. In this respect, before further exploring this argument, there seems to be an important question remaining: Why should the EU treat all app licants ‘fairly’ in the enlargement process? In this respect, the question might arise as to

Genetically Modified Organisms, U.S. and E.U. Trade Dispute Research Paper

Genetically Modified Organisms, U.S. and E.U. Trade Dispute - Research Paper Example , the EU argued that it has acted in good faith, stating that it has acted through the precautionary principle, in order to protect the interests of those who produced the non-GMO products for its markets. Despite this argument, the WTO ruled against the EU stating that it would have been necessary for the latter to provide credible scientific evidence concerning the potential harm of GMO before taking action against the authorization of American GMO into its markets (Viju, Yeung and Kerr 1207). As a response, the European Union has made amendments to its regulatory framework to ensure that its member states are given the power to ban any GMO products within their territories. However, there has been general agreement within the member states that the bans might not be effective in the current situation, with some arguing that the new proposed regulations might not be in line with the rules of the WTO. The complex nature of the EU’s decision making process has been blamed for the resulting trade dispute between the United States and the European Union. The fact that this dispute took place was due to the fact that the European Union is still extremely cautious concerning the importation of GMO into its territory. Most of the concern from the EU is based on the belief that some of the GMO that are imported, especially from the United States, may not be fit for human consumption and if consumed may end up having long term detrimental effects on the health of those who consume it. This is the reason why the EU chose to take on the precautionary principle, where it prevented any GMO products from the United States from entering any of the markets within its territory (Karlsson 51). During the case brought before the WTO, the argument that the EU was taking illegal action... This essay stresses that some political analysts have suggested that the best way to resolve this dispute would be for the United States to take the lead through the easing of restrictions against European beef products so that the EU can also see it fit to reciprocate in kind. In addition, there has been the suggestion that the creation of a free trade zone between the United States and the EU would create an avenue where there would be a reduction of trade disputes and an increase in cooperation between them. The fact that he enjoys the good will of the European public is likely to work in his favor not only in matters concerning the ending of the beef import stand off, but also those of the creation of the free trade zone. A free trade zone would be the ideal guarantee for the ending of most, if not all the disputes that involve these two entities. This report makes a conclusion that the existence of restrictions against American beef products in the European Union have also been created because of the need to ensure that these products are not in any way detrimental to the environment. The environmental impact of GMO products are yet to be fully analyzed and it is high time that research concerning it be conducted to ensure that better ways of managing these products are developed. The United States, on the other hand, has to adopt some of the concern about GMO effect on health and environment because very little research has been conducted on the subject. Through this adoption, there will be a better understanding of the reasons behind the European ban on some of its GMO products, and this will enable them to reach an amicable solution to their disputes.

Testing Chloride Concentration in South Florida Canal Research Paper

Testing Chloride Concentration in South Florida Canal - Research Paper Example The topographical dimension of South Florida occupies a relatively low-lying carbonated region. The rainfall pattern is relief with low rainfall distribution of 10mm over a region of 100 kilometers. The region also lies on a bedrock majorly composed of carbonate material; this is believed to have been formed over 120,000 years ago. During this time, it is believed that the sea level was approximately 10 meters above the current level. The canals of South Florida are basically Wetlands, which form an important part of the ecosystem. Research has indicated that the current South Florida Canals are facing a major crisis owing to increasing concentration of chlorine and other chemicals in the water bodies. Specifically, combined effects of agriculture and urban activities have had a significant impact on the waters of the South Florida Canal for a period of over 100 years. Apart from projected hyper-salinity in the various water bodies of South Florida Canal, there are factors that have contributed massively towards the deterioration of this natural resource. The first factor is the eutrophication of the wetlands with phosphoric materials. Additionally, past researches have shown that the aquatic life of the wetlands have undergone degradation owing to increased rate of pollution by methyl-mercury. Moreover, there is evidence that anthropogenic activities along the wetlands in the South Florida Canal have contributed to the increased frequency at, which the wetlands dry and affected the natural water flows along the canal.

Patagonia Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Patagonia Analysis - Case Study Example Customers in their desired target market, however, seem to be willing to pay this price for the quality, durability, and environmentally-focused attributes of the company’s brand name. The problem at Patagonia, however, is not related to the product, pricing or the above-industry-norm commitment to environmentalism as it is related to customer lifestyle. Patagonia only spends 1% of its entire budget on promotion and advertising, thus relying on social media and sales representatives to maintain the promotional function. The firm requires more visibility to extend its product line beyond the higher resource buyer segment to balance its profit goals. PROPOSAL ALTERNATIVES Experts in public relations identify the many competitive advantages that come from utilization of professional, externalized public relations firms. These include a positive corporate identity, improved national standing among competition, and improved consumer purchase intention (David, Kline & Dai, 390). Des pite Patagonia’s current sales success in gaining a higher volume of customers, the marginal increases in sales are much lower than industry norms for a business of this variety. Granted, some of this profit reduction comes in the form of environmentalism and charitable donations, however achieving higher profitability without losing the current positioning related to eco-friendly production is attainable by devoting a large portion of the operating budget to advertisment. In order to achieve a successful brand with high visibility, the focus should be on empowerment: â€Å"putting them in charge to take action† (Bayley, 15). Patagonia is a highly action-oriented business active lifestyles related to surfing, climbing, rafting and other outdoor recreation. Under the VALS2 Marketing Diagram for segmentation, action-oriented individuals spend a majority of their disposable income on social activities, buy on impulse, and follow fashion and fads significantly (Boone & Kur tz, 302). Even though Patagonia’s products are priced higher than industry norms, they are not priced significantly higher than other sportswear and outdoor wear companies overall, thus making them affordable for lower-income customers still in an above-average category. Action-oriented individuals in society include other recreational activities related to camping, skiiing, and general boating and lake/oceanfront activities. Patagonia requires extension of its brand presence into these markets in order to find profit success without sacrificing its core values that leadership is so dedicated to sustaining as top priority. The action plan for Patagonia is to develop relatively low-cost advertising and utilize assistance from external public relations consultants to create a system of well-coordinated press releases that give more visibility to the general consumer public. Reliance on the distribution network to conduct advertising function takes control of advertising from ow nership and places it in a third party, thus adding an element of risk to the business model in relation to sales. Consumers of all demographics respond positively to advertising with vivid

Corporation Law case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporation Law case study - Essay Example The main issue is if the selling of stocks and the responsibility of the directors. Its nesassry to tell a few words about dealing with outsiders. Also the seconde question deals with the problem of outsider trading. Express authority4 In the context of a Co, actual authority will be conferred by the Co const or, in its absence in accordance with the replaceable rules of the CA. In general, in the case of any Co with more than 1 D, authority is vested in the Board collectively - s 198A Any act lying outside the authority of the D's or the Board can be performed by the members in general meeting - s 198A(2) Implied authority of Co officers The Board may appoint someone as Managing Director (must be one of their own number - replaceable rule s 201J), conferring on that person the powers of the Board - s 198C(1). According to the articles concerning duties of directors one of theliste every managing director is obliged to act in good faith in the best interests of the corp and to use powers for a proper purpose - s 181.5 In this case the managing director haven't acted in the best iint of the company because the board of directors had rejected the contract. So mister Lam is responsible for comensation the losses to the company. Also he have to take responsibility of information given about the information given on the new project because he promised the increase in productivity of about 100%. The law prohibits insider trading. Generally, D's do not owe a fiduciary duty to individual s'holders Percival v Wright [1902] 2 Ch 421 - shareholders offered to sell shares to directors - directors already negotiating to sell shares at much higher price but did not inform s'holders - court held no fiduciary duty to shareholders,... The second question concerns different articles of the corporate law. There is some information about the corporations' law. The main issue is if the selling of stocks and the responsibility of the directors. Its nesassry to tell a few words about dealing with outsiders. Also the seconde question deals with the problem of outsider trading. According to the articles concerning duties of directors one of theliste every managing director is obliged to act in good faith in the best interests of the corp and to use powers for a proper purpose - s 181.5 In this case the managing director haven't acted in the best iint of the company because the board of directors had rejected the contract. So mister Lam is responsible for comensation the losses to the company. Also he have to take responsibility of information given about the information given on the new project because he promised the increase in productivity of about 100%. The law prohibits insider trading. Percival v Wright [1902] 2 Ch 421 - shareholders offered to sell shares to directors - directors already negotiating to sell shares at much higher price but did not inform s'holders - court held no fiduciary duty to shareholders, and so they could not recover. Primary prohibition in s 1043A(1) - insider may not purchase or sell shares in Co or get anyone to do that for him.

Admission essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Admission - Essay Example One study revealed that nearly three-quarters of college freshmen consider being ‘very well-off financially’ to be a ‘very important’ or ‘essential’ goal† (Bolt, 2004: 124). However, personal experience has taught me that happiness has nothing to do with any of these things. My experience started one day when a friend of mine finally got tired of hearing me gripe about my many petty (and some important) irritations in life. He was my primary sounding board, so I felt abandoned when he told me he wouldn’t listen anymore until I had written down the 33 happiest moments of my life. I resisted, of course, but finally needed to vent so I sat down and started my list. It took me days of thinking, jotting down a note, thinking some more, scribbling and rearranging before I finally had a list I felt ready to show my friend. I didn’t really notice it at the time, but for the entire period I was working on my list, those problems I was always complaining about seemed to melt away. This readjustment of my thinking was exactly what my friend explained he’d been going for. He had taken a class in which this exercise had been given and he’d learned that when you spend time focusing on the good things that have happened to you in life, you feel less negative and the outside world looks more positive. You start seeing the possibilities in life instead of the obstacles. I understood because I’d just experienced this, but he was right that I probably wouldn’t have understood if he’d just told me. When I showed him my list, he helped me go through it and grouped my moments into several categories. These ended up including accomplishments, gifts, helping others, family, trips, nature and miscellaneous. As we talked about my list, I realized that even in those areas that might sound more like a focus on material elements, the focus was clearly more on the experience involved rather than the item itself.

Analysis of Glaxo Smith Kline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Analysis of Glaxo Smith Kline - Essay Example Glaxo Smith Kline Company, being a global healthcare company, engages in the development, manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical and consumer health related products. The company’s products are target towards treating three major diseases. These diseases are malaria, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. The company mainly operates through two major segments which are Consumer Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals. The Pharmaceutical segment includes prescription pharmaceuticals and vaccines. On the other hand, the Consumer Healthcare segment provides over-the-counter medicines, oral care and nutritional healthcare products. Its operations are concentrated in Italy, Spain, United States, Japan, France, the United Kingdom, and Germany (Scott, 1982, p201). Glaxo Smith Kline Company has a number of factors that make it very outstanding in the current market. Early in the year two thousand and three for instance, the company published a strategic approach to most aspects of its business performance. This strategic plan had the intention of ensuring that it gets a competitive advantage over the competition yet still ensuring that it fully satisfies the needs of it clients. The published strategic approach related to issues pertaining to the environment, health issues and the safety of all related stakeholders. This plan was later to propel the company into higher levels of better performance. An analysis of the Glaxo Smith Kline Company indicates that the company’s strategic plan for excellence was meant to help in showing how Glaxo Smith Kline Plan for excellence shows how Glaxo Smith Klines environment, health and safety framework align with the companys vision, strategic intent and key business drivers. Moreover, Glaxo Smith Kl ine Company, if it continuous with its progressive trend, will progress through management systems to leadership and excellence (Atkinson, pp.207-229). Glaxo Smith Kline Company ventures in provision of medical services to its people and

The Woman Warrior Essay Example for Free

The Woman Warrior Essay Women of Chinese culture carry an innate characteristic of uselessness in a country that esteems only men.   The men are strong providers, carriers of family names, and maintainers of family ideals and honor.   In a country where one child per family is the norm, the birth of a female is not met with glee, but more commonly remorse.   Maxine Hong Kingston challenges these roles in her novel, The Woman Warrior.   The author shares five tales of strong women from her cultural and familial history.    The title aptly describes the character’s often-imagined lives. The first of the five women introduced is the author’s own aunt.   No-Name Woman, an unknown relative of the past, relives her horrid tale in the form of a dubious lesson told to little girls upon reaching puberty.   Her uncelebrated life is used as a moral tale to stress fidelity to family and honor.   No-Name woman bore a child out of wedlock and killed herself and the child for the disgrace brought to the family.   The reader gets the sense of the woman’s inner strength by the description of her imagined livelihood as told by Kingston. No-Name Woman picks a chosen fate over the traditional Chinese role she is expected to play.   The next morning, I found her and the baby plugging up the family well, (Kingston, 5).   In choosing the family well, the suicide affects them all, highly symbolic of the disgrace, yet also physically tampering with their well-being at the same time.   Although No-Name Woman encounters mostly shame and destruction of her sense of self – in that one moment when she chooses her heart over her forced duties, she becomes a warrior woman – a woman who knows what she wants and goes for it, regardless of the heavy price of her shunning. Unlike No-Name Woman who exists regretting her decision, the tale of Fa Mu Lan follows an entirely different course. The story obviously depicts a warrior defying the typical female characteristics in Chinese tales.   Recently retold in a Disney film series, the role of Fa Mu Lan is well known to girls of all ethnicities today.   Kingston’s version, however, tells the tale from the present tense with the narrator often filling the position. Contrary to the stereotype, the family supports Fa Mu Lan as she goes of to battle the baron to save her family from his tyranny.   We are going to carve revenge on your back, my father said, Well write out oaths and names, (Kingston, 34).   Her parents readily accept the strength of Fa Mu Lan, sending her out to save them all.   The warrior status is cemented when she beheads the evil baron and gives reign to a peasant who will care for the people.   Men turn to her for guidance and protection.   Her husband even cares for their young baby, getting it out of harm’s way, while Fa Mu Lan fights the Chinese Army. Brave Orchid, Kingston’s mother, finds her warrior way in yet another far different way from the characters discussed thus far.   This story is one of educational bravery and the devotion to a better way of life.   Through the hardship of living husbandless in a harsh climate, Brave Orchid lives through the deaths of her children, using the monies sent to her from America to improve herself. She decided to use the money for becoming a doctor, (Kingston, 60).   The braveness of her choice far outweighs the status of Brave Orchid as a ghost hunter.   In a time of defeat and anguish, she finds her own way.   Although the mother appears obnoxious and cold throughout much of the story, it is in her history that the reader appreciates the bravery depicted in her name. Moon Orchid, the anti-thesis of many of the strong woman in the novel, comes across as weak and silly.   In following the children around and marveling at the wonders she encounters in this new country, Moon Orchid is forced to stand up to her felonious husband and attempt some form of recognition from him.   His direct dismissal destroys her sense of self and defeats her contentment. For a brief moment, the reader sees the strength of Moon Orchid in her easy acceptance of the truth.   But he gives us everything anyway.   What more do I have to ask for?   If I see him face to face, what is there to say, (Kingston, 126)?   She avoids the confrontation with her husband and solidifies her way of life.   Her strength comes from her avoidance, as though her inner sense of self knew he had forsaken the family and her foresight to avoid him allowed her a sense of normalcy, something stripped from her in the end. The entire novel shows bits and pieces of the author’s own sense of strength.   She fits herself into each chapter through direct commentary and inferred presence.   The reader sees the warrior side of Kingston in prevailing over the Chinese stereotypes and expectations of her more traditional mother.   The reflections are often times told from hearsay and inference, yet each tale forms a foundation for the author herself.   In the final chapter, Kingston shares a personal telling of her life. The reader sees her nastiness as a child in her reaction to the silent girl, her blatant hatred for many of the things her mother has tried to instill in her, and an honest questioning of the role of Chinese and American cultures in her life.   I dont know any Chinese I can ask without getting myself scolded or teased, so Ive been looking in books, (Kingston, 204).   The struggle for her between the two worlds was a difficult one.   She becomes the warrior by having the strength to reflect on herself and her foundations, the women of her life. The tales of the five women, and many others throughout the novel, depict a deep sense of woman fighting for their right to be as they wish to be.   Whether an unwed mother to the love of her life, the warrior queen to save all China, the educated liberator of her own children, the contended wife living in her chosen realm, or an accepted Chinese-American in an un-accepting world Kingston illustrates the right of women to be whatever they want – fighting for independence on the many fronts of societal norms. Works Cited Kingston, Maxine Hong.   The Warrior Woman. New York, NY: Random House, 1989.

Internet Marketing in Business Unit Essay Example for Free

Internet Marketing in Business Unit Essay Describe the role internet marketing has within a modern marketing concept: Internet marketing is the promotion of products and services using the Internet. Lower Costs, Products and services and international customers are its main advantages. This Type of marketing also keeps digital customer data management and electronic customer Relationship management (ECRM), which are widely used in businesses today. Different types businesses have benefited from internet marketing when it comes to cost, And sales, instantly millions of people can have access to company/business, its products Or services, you can do this at any time anywhere in the world. Normally communication Would be done by e-mail reducing cost in telephone calls. This benefits not only businesses That doesn’t have to spend a lot of money on traditional ways of advertising but also benefit Consumers who do not need to make telephone calls to know more about a company and Its products or services; it’s possible to find out everything with a few clicks. Internet marketing is also used to close deals which make the process easier and cheaper, For the business and the customer. Even a mobile phone contract can be done by internet. Internet marketing also helps targeting customers in other countries as products or services Easily reach customers anywhere in the world through internet marketing. The marketing mix is also an important part of internet marketing; it is a main ingredient In internet marketing it is also known as the 4p’s, which is place, promotion, products and Price, every business uses this when start up because it is simple and very affective and give A good impact on the business * Place: where your business is located, how can customers reach you? The internet is the best place for a business because customers can get on it 24/7 * Promotion: internet marketing allows business to advertise on website such as facebook which is used by the whole world. * Products: what is your target market what products should you provide. Businesses online provide a wider range of ptroducts than the business. * Price: is the price suitable for the products your providing and the location yourProviding it from. Internet marketing provide cheaper prices and better offers than the acctual branch/business

Jumeirah Beach Hotel Marketing Mix Analysis

Jumeirah Beach Hotel Marketing Mix Analysis Hospitality industry is one of the fastest growth areas in UAE economy and Dubai market also. There are a lot of hotels, which provides wide range of products in Dubai. In which, Jumeirah Beach Hotel is well-known because of its luxury and high ranking. To understand Jumeirah Beach Hotel success, we focus on analyzing its marketing mix with four main elements such as product, price, place distribution and promotion. Secondary data such as internet sources, reports and primary data such as reviews of customers through survey are collected to analyze Jumeirah Beach Hotel marketing mix. In additional, three other elements (process, people and physical evidence) of extended marketing plan are also mentioned in analysis summary to expanding our understanding about this hotels performances and success. Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai introduction Jumeriah Beach Hotel, opened in 1997, is a luxury hotel and premium family destination in Dubai. This hotel is one of Jumeirah groups projects, whose want to be a world class luxury international hotel and hospitality management company, committed to be the industry leader in all of activities through dedication to stakeholders, colleagues, customers, business partners and owners. After completion in 1997, the Jumeirah Beach Hotel became the 9th tallest building in Dubai and offer exclusive accommodations in the unique city in Dubai. Jumeirah Beach Hotel is located seaside on Jumeirah Beach and have total of 33,800 square metres (364,000 sq ft) of beach for visitors use. Beside the hotel is the Wild Wadi Water Park, which is unlimited for guest in the hotel access to. The beachfront area where the Burj Al Arab and Jumeirah Beach Hotel are located was previously called Chicago Beach. In addition, Jumeirah Beach Hotel is not far from the international airport and only about 25 km from the downtown Dubai. For construction style, this hotel is built as a dynamically shaped 26 storey curved design built in the shape of a breaking wave; the building stands 93 meters high and 275 meters long.As a beach resort that is completely given to the pleasures of life, Jumeirah Beach Hotels in Dubai provides to customer: 598 rooms and suites 19 private beachside villas Over 20 restaurants and bars Conference and Banqueting facilities Talise Complimentary access to Wild Wadi Water Park The Hub Sinbads Kids Club As many its success during development process, we can review main key results from 2006 to 2009 as follows (Picard F. ) Increase the overall hotel revenue by 10% by conducting an aggressive revenue management strategy Maintain a colleague turn over at 18 % JD power guest satisfaction index 800 points Increase the Dubai Holding Health and Safety audit by 28% within a year Manage to Achieve the highest Health and Safety score since 3 years Hotel HACCP certification Meet and Greet all new colleagues and host a quarterly lunch with all new promoted to a management role And its awards received since September 2006: TripAdvisor.com Travelers Choice Awards 2006 Best Luxury Hotel World Dubai Quality award 2007, award recognize by the government of Dubai Jumeirah Beach hotel, rank 70 out of 100 hotels as results of Institutional investor survey, the world best hotel survey. Daily Telegraph Travel Awards, Jumeirah Beach Hotel Favorite resort hotels For the third year in a row, readers of one of Germanys leading business travel magazines, Business Travelers, chose Jumeirah Beach Hotel as the Best Hotel in the Middle East In 2012, Jumeriah Beach Hotel in Dubai have got the award of Travelers Choice ® 2012 Winner and been at Rank 13 of 452 hotels in Dubai (Trip advisors ) All of information shows that Jumeriah Beach Hotel in Dubai have been getting sustainable development and becomes one of the successful hospitality business in Dubai. Marketing mix analysis Product: The analysis focuses on explaining how the Jumeirah Beach Hotels products are developed to sustain competitive advantage Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai gets successfully because of its sustainable competitive advantage although it has only launched in 1997. Main keys of its sustainable competitive advantages are identified as follows: First, Hallmarks, Guiding principles and core standards of Jumeirah group is applied in its day to day activities. Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai promotes for integrity, teamwork, recognition, innovation, continuous growth, people focus as its culture and core competencies. With all of its performances, based on primary and secondary data collected, Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai gets 5 star rating with 5 criteria such as cleanliness, Facilities, Services, Location and Pricing. Thousands of reviewers have wonderful experience with this hotel because of its services and products. Second, Making customers its first priority and striving constantly to exceed their expectations. Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai provides premium family destination for customers with plenty to do for all ages. For example, it offers the standard room categories, which will sleep up to 2 adults and 2 children. Other room categories will sleep up to 3 children also so all of family members can easily stay together and enjoy their moments in this hotel. They are always available for child offers. They always bring the extra values for customers as free entry to The Wild Wadi Water Park. In addition theres a selection of childrens pools together with a climbing wall and extensive water sport options. About the meals, the resort also take care about children needs and requirements so they offer a choice of child-friendly restaurants with childrens menus and dining offers available throughout the year. They also create very comfortable playground for children with its 1,178 square meters o f total play, chill and swim areas in Sinbads Kids Club. There is a lot of great fun, fully supervised activities for children of all ages. Sinbads Kids Club meets international standards of children services and also provide very fantastic world to play for children. For babysitting services, in-room babysitting can be arranged with 24 hours notice. Charges will be made on an hourly rate basis plus travelling expenses. Applying the approach of making customers its first priority in activities, Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai has satisfied its customers and got very good reviews from them. Third, Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai performs its values by leading by example and role modeling a culture of excellence in everything it does. Evidence of this value is reflected by its customers. Based on primary data collected from a survey of Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai, we can see many impressive comments about its services. Angela Chan commented that The hotel emphasizes guest services and be excellent at this. All of staff is very pleasant, knowledgeable, ultra smiley and friendly , Great service, fantastic facilities as commented of Caroline Rodgers and The restaurant is perfect. The service and staff also fantastic as commented of Anonymous. Fourth, it always provides consistently superior and innovative products and services As reviews of customers, Jumeirah Beach Hotel has very good services at rate 5 star because its services are efficient, welcoming and friendly in spite of the demand masses. In this hotel, we can find consistently superior and innovative product and services such as: Nine premium types of room, including Ocean Deluxe Room, Ocean Deluxe Balcony Room, Ocean Club Executive Room, Ocean Junior Suite, One Bedroom Ocean Suite, Two Bedroom Ocean Suite, Three Bedroom Ocean Suite, Beachcomber Suite, Presidential Suite Diversified types of Dining and bars such as 360 °, Al Khayal, Beachcombers, Carnevale, Der Keller, Dhow Anchor , Go West, La Parrilla, La Veranda, Latitude, Latitude Creations, Marina, Ocean Blue (Beach), Palm Court, Pool Bar, Uptown Bar, Villa Beach, Waterfront, Fantastic facilities with Spa, The Gymnasium, Water Sports, Sinbads Kids Club (Luxury world wide collection) Price The analysis focuses on explaining how prices are set to reflect the organizations objectives and market conditions Because Jumeirah Beach hotel focuses on luxury services and want to become leader of hospitality industry as Jumeirah groups vision, it set price quite high in comparison with other luxury hotels in Dubai. Its room rate is from 422 and up when it is ranked as the twelfth of 452 hotels in Dubai (Trip advisors) We can compare its room rate with other luxury hotels as table below: Hotels Rank Room rate $ Al Maha Desert Resort 1 1059 and up Grosvenor House Dubai 2 305 and up Dar Al Masyaf at MadinatJumeirah 3 571 and up One and Only Palm Dubai 4 608 and up Le Royal Meridien Beach Resort Spa 5 273 and up Raffles Dubai 7 312 and up Jumeirah Beach Hotel 12 422 and up (Compare price of 19 hotels in Jumeirah Beach) With room rate of 422 and up, Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai achieve both of organizational objectives (luxury hotel and excellent services) and competitive advantage by pricing. Distribution This analysis focuses on explaining how distribution is arranged to provide customer convenience As we know that, Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai is one of Jumeirah groups project so it can get benefit from distribution channel of Jumeirah group. First, this hotel joined in distribution channels of Jumeirah group with many online booking partners and sales agents such as Booking.com, Agoda, hotel club, Travel republic.co.uk, Hotel Pronto, Lastminute.com, viva stay, on hotel, vacenza.com, hotels4u.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ These partners help this hotel provide customer convenience in booking and taking sales off. Second, this hotel has own distribution channels by direct sales and its sales agents as netflight.com, Hayes Jarvis, accorhotels.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Jumeirah Beach Hotel also has best price guarantee for customers who book directly with it through its website. With combination of distribution channels of Jumeirah group and Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai distribution channels, customers are provided convenience to book room and taking sales off to save their money. Promotion This analysis focuses on illustrating how promotional activity is integrated to achieve marketing objectives Because of many competitors in market segmentation of luxury hotels, Jumeirah Beach Hotel performs sales off strategy to promote sales. For examples, they always have special offers such as 4nts fr  £949 Includes Free Half Board per person based on two people sharing an Ocean Deluxe Room on a half board basis. Inclusive of private transfers, scheduled economy seats and all applicable taxes (Luxury worldwide collection) Jumeirah Beach Hotel announced that they have many other offers for customers and speak daily to their hotels to source better prices. In other ways, they have proper promotion strategy with partners to reach customers such as customers can save up to 70% if they booking through online booking partner. Analysis Summary Marketing mix is very important for one enterprises and Jumeirah Beach Hotel is not out of this theory. Four P elements (Product, Price, Place distribution, Promotion) this hotel have appropriated with its marketing objectives, its market segmentation and become to very important elements of its success. In additional, three other elements of extended marketing mix such as process, people and physical evidence also support to hotels success. About process, Jumeirah Beach hotel in Dubai has clear process, which is applied by teamwork and innovation theory as its statement we work towards common goals through open communication, mutual support and win win attitude. We respect our differences and build upon our strengths and we are open minded, challenging conventional thinking, improving our processes and implementing new ideas faster than our competitors (Jumeirah website) About people, this hotel has very good staffs, which always satisfy customers and contribute to its excellent reviews. Rating of services is always at 5 stars About physical evidence, we can easy find features for a luxury hotel as in room arrangement, scene, facilities, dining and bars and also equipment in types of room. Rooms at the Jumeirah Beach Hotel offer panoramic views of the beach, the harbor and the park and are equipped with cable / satellite channels, a safe and a plasma / LCD TV. With the features of floor-to-ceiling windows and private balconies, rooms offer a DVD player, a private bathroom and tea and coffee making facilities. Internet access is also provided. In conclusion, Jumeirah Beach Hotel marketing mix is evaluated as appropriated to its objectives, culture, marketing segmentation and vision. With its excellent performances, Jumeirah Beach Hotel will get higher ranking from its customers and become hospitality industry leader in Dubai as its vision and statement. Appendices Types of room in Jumeirah Beach Hotel Ocean Deluxe Room: have 2 main features breathtaking views of the Arabian Gulf spacious seating area and walk-in shower Ocean Deluxe Balcony Room: have 2 main features Beautiful views with the most breathtaking views of the Arabian Gulf Equipped with a king size bed, a spacious seating area, walk in shower and a separate bath. Ocean Club Executive Room: have five main features: 50 square meters (538 square feet) added Priority check in/out in the comfort of the Club Executive Lounge, luxurious amenities, breakfast options at Beachcombers, Latitude or in the comfort of the guest room. Guests with children have access to the Premium Leisure Club where breakfast is served. Ocean Junior Suite: have 2 main features Relax in the privacy of your very own sun terrace, dine alfresco or entertain in the sitting/living area. Can access to the Club Executive Lounge and breakfast is served in Latitude or in the comfort of own room. One Bedroom Ocean Suite: have 2 main features: Can access to the Club Executive Lounge and breakfast is served in Latitude or in the comfort of own room. Guests with children have access to the Premium Leisure Club and breakfast is served in either the Premium Leisure Club, Latitude or in the comfort of own room. Two Bedroom Ocean Suite: have 2 main features Can access to the Club Executive Lounge and breakfast is served in Latitude or in the comfort of own room. Guests with children have access to the Premium Leisure Club and breakfast is served in either the Premium Leisure Club, Latitude or in the comfort of own room. Three Bedroom Ocean Suite: have 2 main features Can access to the Club Executive Lounge and breakfast is served in Latitude or in the comfort of own room. Guests with children have access to the Premium Leisure Club and breakfast is served in either the Premium Leisure Club, Latitude or in the comfort of own room. Beachcomber Suite: have six main features 148 square meters (1,593 square feet) added Two bedrooms, kitchenette, 2 sun beds. Direct and easy access to the main pool area and the beach. Close access to the executive pool and Wild wadi Waterpark. Can access to the Club Executive Lounge and breakfast is served in Latitude or in the comfort of own room; Guests with children have access to the Premium Leisure Club and breakfast is served in either the Premium Leisure Club, Latitude or in the comfort of own room. Presidential Suite: have four main features 160 square meters (1,722 square feet) added c Special Features: Two floors with separate living, dining and sleeping areas. Large bedroom on the upper floor with bathroom and whirlpool. Lower level living room with bar counter and terrace. Sea view. Can access to the Club Executive Lounge and breakfast is served in Latitude or in the comfort of own room. Guests with children have access to the Premium Leisure Club and breakfast is served in either the Premium Leisure Club, Latitude or in the comfort of own room (Luxury worldwide collection)

Hepatitis B :: essays research papers

Risk Factors for HBV Infection Although relatively rare in the United States, hepatitis B is endemic in parts of Asia where hundreds of millions of individuals may be infected. HBV is transmitted horizontally by blood and blood products and sexual transmission. It is also transmitted vertically from mother to infant in the perinatal period which is a major mode of transmission in regions where hepatitis B is endemic. The blood supply in developed countries has been screened for HBV for many years and at present transmission by blood transfusion is extremely rare. Major routes of transmission among adults in Western countries are intravenous drug use and sexual contact. The risk of HBV infection is notably high in promiscuous homosexual men but it is also transmitted sexually from men to women and women to men. Transmission is probably prevented by correct use of condoms. Health care workers and patients receiving hemodialysis are also at increased risk of infection. Effective vaccines are available for the prevention of HBV infection. All individuals at risk for infection should be vaccinated. Post-exposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin is also effective for non-immune individuals after a known exposure (e. g. needle stick). Consequences of HBV Infection HBV causes acute and chronic hepatitis. The chances of becoming chronically infected depends upon age. About 90% of infected neonates and 50% of infected young children will become chronically infected. In contrast, only about 5% to 10% of immunocompetent adults infected with HBV develop chronic hepatitis B. In some individuals who become chronically infected, especially neonates and children, the acute infection will not be clinically apparent. Acute hepatitis B can range from subclinical disease to fulminant hepatic failure in about 2% of cases. Many acutely infected individuals develop clinically apparent acute hepatitis with loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain and jaundice. In cases of fulminant hepatic failure from acute HBV infection, orthotopic liver transplantation can be life-saving. About 90% to 95% of acutely infected adults recover without sequelae. About 5% to 10% of acutely infected adults become chronically infected. The natural history of chronic HBV infection can vary dramatically between individuals. Some will develop a condition commonly referred to as a chronic carrier state. These patients, who are still potentially infectious, have no symptoms and no abnormalities on laboratory testing. Nonetheless, some of these patients will have evidence of hepatitis on liver biopsy. Some individuals with chronic hepatitis B will have clinically insignificant or minimal liver disease and never develop complications.

Media Influence On Public Policy Essay -- politics, government

Policymaking is a political process which is affected by various social and economic factors (Hofferbert, 1974) and media systems play an integral role in shaping the social context in which policies are developed. Through the media, citizens learn how government policies will affect them, and governments gain feedback on their policies and programs. Media systems act as the primary channels between those who might want to influence policy and the policymakers '' controlling the scope of political discourse and regulating the flow of information. Textbook policymaking follows an orderly sequence where problems are identified, solutions devised, policies adopted, implemented, and lastly evaluated (Mazamanian & Sabatier, 1989). In reality, the policy process is more fluid, where policies are formed through the struggle of ideas of various advocacy coalitions (Sabatier, 1991) in what has been described as a policy primeval soup (Kingdon, 1995). The policies, on which the media focuses can, and often does, play an important part in determining the focal issues for policymakers. One of the fundamental roles of the media in a liberal democracy is to critically scrutinise governmental affairs: that is to act as a watchdog of government to ensure that the government can be held accountable by the public. However, the systematic deregulation of media systems worldwide is diminishing the ability of citizens to meaningfully participate in policymaking process governing the media (McChesney, 2003, p. 126). The relaxation of ownership rules and control, has resulted in a move away from diversity of production to a situation where media ownership is becoming increasing concentrated by just a few predominantly western global conglomerates (M... ... small media reforms (like public journalism) will be enough to reduce the commercial and corporate imperatives driving our existing media systems (Hackett and Zhao, 1998, p. 235). Instead, a fundamental reform of the entire system is needed, together with a wider institutional reform of the very structures the media systems work within, our democracies. This will be a difficult task, due to powerful vested interests benefiting from the status quo, including media, political and economic elites. Reforms will need to be driven by campaigns mobilising public support across the political spectrum, to enable the citizens of the world to have a media system that works to strengthen democratic principles as opposed to undermining them. This task is challenging, but it will become easier once people begin to understand the media’s role in policymaking within our democracies.

Free Essays - Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange :: Clockwork Orange Essays

Banned for social reasons in many conditions and in many school systems, Anthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange first seems to pierce the mind with its bizarre linguistic orgy of debauchery, brutality, and sex, and for some, refuses to affect them above the level of pure voyeurism and bloodlust (either for reveling in it or despising it). Sadism seems to twist the male protagonist; his mind becomes alive with brutal fantasies whilst listening to seemingly innocuous classical music ( â€Å"There were vecks and ptitsas, both young and starry, lying on the ground screaming for mercy, and I was smecking all over my rot and grinding my boot in their litsos.†). Many arguments have been made about the censorship of this novella which â€Å"glorifies sex and violence;† however, these elements are clearly manipulated for plot development and character development, and ultimately, the story does pose a moral lesson. By psychological definition, people affected with anti-social disorder (also known as â€Å"sociopaths† or â€Å"psychopaths†) have incredible manipulation skills; they also fail to â€Å"conform to social norms,† are deceitful and aggressive, and seek to destroy with little remorse. Sex, cruelty, and dominance define parts of anti-social behavior, and the odd near-antithesis of a hero, Alex, exists as the beloved psychopath in this cult story. He vigorously goes on nightly rampages with his band of â€Å"droogs† after consuming spiked â€Å"moloko,† tearing down what society has morally built and ripping holes into the reasoning of random citizens. Here, Burgess utilizes a unique method of writing by making the readers realize their affection for this teenage criminal, even in the midst of his violent perversions. As stated in many other summaries and analogies of the book, the ethics derived from the book revolve around the topic of choice. Is a person truly moral if their â€Å"benevolence† comes from forced conditioning as opposed to their personal choice for compassion? Does programmed decency towards people ultimately possess superiority over a natural psychosis? It can be argued that programmed decency protects the happiness of the main population, but natural psychosis comes from the choice of the individual, and protects their happiness (if the psychosis served as a source of joy for the individual to begin with, not insanity that brings about manic-depression and whatnot). Building the character of Alex to fully express the story and the questions the book will eventually pose doubtlessly requires the use of savage raping, theft, and the vicious, bloody beatings administered to many common people; these portions of A

Important of English Language Essay

Language plays an important role in human life. One tries to acquire, learn and use language as a means of communication, and simultaneously as social symbol of humanity. By using language someone could make statements, convey facts and knowledge, explain or report something, and keep social relations among the language users. These indicate that by means of language, people can express their ideas, feeling, information etc through communication. , As one of language in the world, English is considered and applied as international language. Since then, it is very popular and have been spoken and learnt by almost people in the world. There are some reasons why English is important and many people attempt to learn it. Some of them are: for finding job, traveling, interacting one each other, doing business, taking examination, doing research, writing in the foreign language, etc. In such developing country like Indonesia, English has a vital role in all aspects of life, particularly in science and technology. Furthermore, it can be used for developing relationships in the international forum, for reading English book (especially for students from primary school up to colleges/university), to tighten the relationship among nations in the world, etc. As students, we learn English are intended to obtain various knowledge, to comprehend and understand the textbooks learned in English, to gain knowledge and skills, and to be ready enter to the university, as one of the test requirements for students of senior High School (SMA), etc This expression reminds us how importance of English for human life is. As global or universal language, English is not only enables us to communicate and interact with every people throughout the world, but also it could alter our life to be better. Furthermore, we also must be aware that the western countries play extra ordinary role in developing and keeping science and technology. Thus, if we want to be a skilful scientists, linguists, and be able to compete with the other countries in the world, we must understand, master and learn the language they use, namely English. Before ending this speech, let me conclude the essential points of my speech: 1. English is highly necessary to be learned and mastered by everyone, in order to be able to compete in the globalization era; 2. English is a key to open and master science and technology, because most of scientists write their experts and inventions in English. 3. As students of high school (SMA), we have to prepare ourselves by learning hard, particularly English as well as the other subjects at school; 4. By mastering English enables us to become survive and go anywhere throughout the world;

Constructing Feminine Form for Masculine Sake Essay

Fashion provides one of the most ready means through which individuals can make expressive visual statements about their identities. (Bennett, 2005) Constructing Feminine Form for Masculine Sake. Does it make sense to say that sex is at the heart of identity today? The answer is surely yes, and more so than ever before. (Gauntlett, 2008). Introduction. Consider the cover of the December 2011 edition of FHM (Fig. 1). It portrays a constructed ideal of female attractiveness. Aimed at the male market it conveys the attributes of female form deemed attractive to men. Has this identity been constructed by women or imposed upon by men? Butler (1999) suggests ‘the female body is marked within masculinist discourse’ , and women have not had the freedom to create their own identity, ‘women with the ostensibly sexualized features of their bodies and, hence, a refusal to grant freedom and autonomy to women as it is purportedly enjoyed by men’ (Butler, 1999). Macdonald (1995) notes that this enforced construction is neither a new concept nor just present in magazines aimed at a male audience: The body has historically been much more integral to the formation of identity for women than for men. If women had defined for themselves the ideals of their bodily shape or decoration, this would not be problematic. It is the denial of this right in the western cultural representation, in medical practice and in the multi-billion dollar pornography, fashion and cosmetic industries, that has granted women only squatter’s rights to their own bodies. However for the purpose of this essay we will concentrate on the feminine identity constructed in men’s lifestyle magazines and identify from where this was created. Why we enjoy beauty. ‘It is suggested that what makes one thing beautiful and another less so is our psychological attraction, probably unconscious, to some quality in the former that is absent from the latter, combined of course with equally-implicit cultural biases.’ (Lakoff and Scherr, 1984) Considering this, it is hard to determine how a particular portrayal of the female form is universally attractive. However studying the following passage from Sigmund Freud’s study Civilization and its Discontents we can note the possibility that the images constructed of women in men’s magazines are not to portray beauty, but to invoke sexual feeling through lack of clothing and provocative poses: Psychoanalysis, unfortunately, has scarcely anything to say about beauty either. All that seems certain is its derivation from the field of sexual feeling. The love of beauty seems a perfect example of an impulse inhibited in its aim. ‘Beauty’ and ‘attraction’ are originally attributes of the sexual object. (Lakoff and Scherr, 1984) Another psychotherapist Lacan puts forward the idea ‘women are objects for men: men are objects for women: men are objects for men, and women are objects for women. Each of us can only ever be objects for another subject, however much we try. (Hill, 1997) With this in mind it can be said that all identity is constructed to receive the admiration of others, regardless of gender. (Gauntlett, 2008) states ‘sex as being at the core of identity’ further suggesting that male identity is constructed with the same intentions the female. Although ‘it has been women in particular who have been defined primarily in terms of their physical appearance’ (Negrin, 2008). The emergence of new men’s lifestyle magazines. It is interesting to note that men’s lifestyle magazines are not a new concept, neither has their content changed over time. The earliest attempt to launch a men’s lifestyle magazine in the UK was in 1935, it consisted of ‘heroic masculinity with style features and pictures of female nudes’. (Gill, 2007). The 1950’s saw the launch of Playboy, a lifestyle magazine aimed at an emerging class of men who enjoyed consumption as much as their female counterparts. The magazine ‘became the ‘bible’ for the men who dominated this class fraction; its individualistic, hedonistic, consumption-orientated ethic of personal gratification represented a rebellion against the ‘old’ figure of male as breadwinner and family provider and opened up a space of libidinous fun and lascivious consumption, albeit premised on troublingly sexualized and objectified representations of women. (Gill, 2007). The content of such magazines was not necessarily in place to objectify women but to protect the ‘new man’s’ masculinity. ‘Consumption for men was promoted in an atmosphere not threatened by suspicions of homosexuality’ (Gill, 2007) and said of Playboy ‘the breasts and bottoms were necessary not just to sell the magazine, but also to protect it’ (Ehrenreich, 1983.). If we look forward to the 80’s and 90’s we see a new generation of men’s magazines emerging, ‘constructed around an assumed white, working class aesthetic and sensibility, centred on football, (beer) drinking, and heterosexual sex. (Gill, 2007) In circulation terms, figures from 2006 show that over 370,000 copies of FHM are sold per month and almost 300,000 copies of Nuts per week. (Gauntlett, 2008). From this we can see the popularity of such publications and the importance of the portrayal of a new type of masculinity. Considering the content of these magazines; ‘numerous photo-shoots of semi-clothed and topless women appear in the UK magazines’ (Gauntlett, 2008), and speaking of the launch of Loaded ‘the sexual politics of the magazine were in place from the first issue, which featured photographs of Liz Hurley, a homage to hotel sex, porn channels etc., a ‘travel feature’ recounting cheap cocaine and cheap women, and the Miss Guyama bikini contest. (Gill, 2007). The magazines depict the rise of a new type of masculinity or the ‘new lad’, the figure of which ‘became embedded in advertising and popular culture- his multiple articulations in different spaces generating a sense of his solidity and ‘realness’, making him instantly recognizable as an embodiment of a type of masculinity’ (Gill, 2007). This new generation of ‘Lads Mags’ has often been attributed to two factors; firstly the ‘feminine backlash’ occurring in the 80’s. These new publications ‘constructed around knowingly misogynist and predatory attitudes to women, represents a refusal to acknowledge the changes in gender relations produced by feminism, and an attack on it. (Gill, 2007) served to reaffirm male dominance in the gender war and a refusal to change. They are considered by Whelehan ‘a direct challenge to feminism’s call for social transformation, by reaffirming – albeit ironically – the unchanging nature of gender relations and sexual roles.’ (Gill, 2007) Studying the content of these magazines in more depth there is an underlying theme where ‘’feminist’ becomes a pejorative word to label, dismiss and silence any woman who object to the lad mags’ ideology’ (Gill, 2007). Two examples of such; ‘an article concerned with the question of ‘how to get your girlfriend to come in your face’ (FHM, April 2000) any possible feedback is forestalled with the comment ‘now before I get any angry letters from feminists†¦..I have asked women and they agree it can be an incredibly rewarding experience’. (Gill, 2007) and ‘a letter to FHM from a woman called Barbara who wished to object to the magazines portrayal of women as ‘weak, fr ail, obedient, submissive and sexually available’ is dismissed as a ‘blundering rant’ from ‘Butch Babs’ (FHM, May 2000)’ (Gill, 2007.) Two prime examples of where the subject of feminism is dismissed before it has even been raised, suggesting the magazines know their content is anti-feminist, but either dispel the argument before it is raised or ridicule and patronise anybody that dares challenge their viewpoint. The second factor is again a backlash, this time on a type of masculinity, himself more aligned with the ideals of feminism, referred to as ‘The New Man’. (Gill, 2007). Trying to dispense with this, the ‘masculinity they constructed was regarded as true to men’s real selves, in contrast to the contrived image of the new man.’ (Gill, 2007.) As with the issue of feminism this form of masculinity was ridiculed and dismissed, leading the way for ‘laddish’ behaviour to be accepted. ‘New man was derided for his ‘miserable liberal guilt’ about sexual affairs and presented as insipid and unappealing. By contrast, new lad was presented as refreshingly uncomplicated in his unreserved appreciation of women’s bodies and heterosexual sex.’ (Gill, 2007) Are these the views of the average man? So we can deduce how these magazines and images within them came to be but where does this leave the average male? Are these depictions of woman the ‘ideal’ for men? ‘By men’s own admission, the playboy ideology has created conflicts both in men’s view of themselves and in their attitude towards women.’ (Lakoff and Scherr, 1984) Many men insist they do not subscribe to this scantily clad, temptress type identity as being their ideal. (Lakoff and Scherr, 1984) suggest what most men fantasize about is a woman they can connect with and that personality is more important than looks; ‘Many men spoke of movement, gracefulness, a direct look in the eyes, an aura of mystery, attributes which cannot quite be captured by a camera, as what they felt constituted female beauty.’ Their ‘observations seem to contradict what the media not only tell us men want but also what they propose women should look like.’ This seeming indifference to contrived images of female form could be the over production and readily available means to consume them. ‘we are so bombarded with visual images that men are taking refuge and looking for the real thing’ (Lakoff and Scherr, 1984) Also another factor is that as we are increasingly aware of artifice in the production of images it can cause the consumer to be disillusioned with them; ‘And its disappointing to find that the women, when interviewed, don’t sound that interesting really. And it’s disappointing because you see these gorgeous women who wouldn’t look twice at you, but then you remember that they probably look like people you know, really, and it’s the careful styling and makeup and photography that makes them so irresistible’ (Gauntlett, 2008) Where do women fit in? What we have to remember is there always a willing subject to construct identity upon. In this case, a women to present as the ideal to men. Whilst feminists may view the women featured in the magazines as ‘submissive, obedient and sexually available’, do the subjects themselves feel this is the case? Pre-feminist women were programmed to be as attractive as possible to their male counterparts. Anne Fogarty an extremely successful American fashion designer highlights the importance of dressing for men ‘when your husband’s eyes light up as he comes in at night, you’re in sad shape if its only because he smells dinner cooking’ (Fogarty, 1959). It is possible that even now women are still programmed by society to want to appear as attractive as possible to men. With the post-feminist shift in gender relations it is argued that women are now objectifying men in the same way that they have traditionally been; ‘looking at scantily-clad women was clearly quite wrong for a right-thinking man, but have started to change their views as time has moved on and gender relations have changed again (including the development of the new language in popular culture where women can treat men as disposable eye-candy too).’ (Gauntlett, 2008). This seems to have caused a sense of double standards when talking of the objectification of women; â€Å"I used to agree, and I mean I really did agree, with women who said that naked women in magazines was a bad thing. But now-a-days I can hardly remember what the argument was. Women can look at handsome men in films and magazines, and men can look at attractive women†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦it seems fair.† (Gaunlett, 2008) Another reason argued why women cultivate this identity is it can provide means to increase their economic and social standing; ‘denied access to power and status by legitimate means, they had to resort to using their looks as a means of furthering their aims.’ (Negrin, 2008). This was very true of the playboy era where working class women did not have the same opportunities for advancement as their male counterparts. Conclusion. So who is determining this supposed ideal of the female form? Psychoanalysis tells us we all respond to natural sexual urges and have the need to objectify other beings. Yet today’s men’s magazines were not primarily constructed to satisfy their sexual urges. The content was also put into place long ago, not to objectify women, but to protect masculinity from any suggestion of homosexuality. What better way to diminish these threats than by filling the pages with naked women? The tone of the ‘new generation’ of men’s magazines was constructed around a backlash to feminist principles and the emergence of the ‘sensitive, understanding man’. Again what better way to protect these new threats by objectifying women and distancing themselves to ‘new man’s’ ideals? As gender roles have shifted and the issue of equality is facing us, men do not feel that looking at women is a guilty pleasure, as women do it themselves towards men and are compensated for it by the advancement of their social and economic standing. It can be said that this construction of female identity truly is for masculine’s sake, not necessarily for their consumption and enjoyment, but to protect and cultivate the meaning and existence of masculinity, reminiscing of a time where men were secure in their place in society. Fig. 1. Bibliography. Halberstam, J. (1998) Female masculinity. Durham, N.C. ; London : Duke University Press, 1998.:. Bennett, A. (2005) Culture and everyday life. London: Sage, p.95 – 116. Berger, J. (1972) Ways of seeing : based on the BBC television series with John Berger / a book made by John Berger †¦ [et al.].. London: Penguin. Butler, J. (1999) Gender Trouble; Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London: Routledge. Forgarty, A. (2011) The Art of being a Well Dressed Wife. 2nd ed. London: V&A Publishing. Gauntlett, D. (2008) Media, Gender and Identity: An Introduction.. 2nd ed. Oxon: Routledge. Gill, R. (2007) Gender and The Media. Cambridge: Polity Press. Happysocks.com (2011) Happy Socks / FHM UK  « Happy Socks in the Press. [online] Available at: http://www.happysocks.com/press/?p=2851 [Accessed: 2nd June 2012]. Hill, P. (1997) Lacan for beginners. London : Writers and Readers:. Lakoff, R. and Scherr, . (1984) Face value : the politics of beauty . Boston ; London : Routledge & Kegan Paul:. Macdonald, M. (1995) Representing Women:Myths of Femininity in the popular media. London: Edward Arnold, p.192 – 221. Meyers, D. (2002) Gender in the Mirror. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.. Negrin, L. (2008) Appearance and identity: Fashioning the body in Postmodernity. Cowden: Palgarve Macmillan, p.33 – 52. Sturken, M. and Cartwright, L. (2001) Practices of looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press., p.72 – 108.

Ethical Decisions Essay

Irregardless or our differences, one thing that is general to all men is that we all have to make a decision at one point or the other. We are always faced with situations that call for us making a choice among alternative actions. Oftentimes, there are several alternatives before us and we have to make a choice. What do we do? At this stage, we are at a crossroad. Essentially, when man is at a crossroad, he should ask himself why he should do what he wants to do. We should appreciate the fact that the decision we are about to make determines a lot of things. For instance, the next decision we are about to make might make or mar us. We should also understand that since we do not live in an independent world, our actions have effects on the people around us. In view of this, we should not just make decisions but seek to make a good one. If we are to make a meaningful decision or choice, he should therefore evaluate the choices that lie before him. But the long asked question is; â€Å"How do we evaluate our actions? † Historically, many scholars and philosophers have made several attempts at answering the question. Many have come up with theories for the purpose of guiding man in his quest to make a credible decision. Interestingly, some of these theories are opposing to each other and so the struggle continues. We have to consider which of these theories gives the best answer to our question. On thing is sure, we have to make decisions. For better comprehension and clarity of this essay, I will attempt to make a briefly exposition on some of the ethical theories. I will also evaluate an experience I have had in the past in light of these ethical theories. Question that will be addressed in this essay includes; how can my decision be evaluated in light of the various ethical theories? Does these ethical theories approve of my action at this time? If it does, how does it? And if it does not why does it not? As an overview, in the course, we have learnt about utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, ethical egoism and various forms of relative theories, Aristotle’s virtue ethics and Aquinas natural law ethics. When I was in college, I was the course representative of my class. This position made me responsible for a number of duties, part of which is keeping the attendance details of students in the class. As part of the school’s rule, a student must attend at least 65% of all classes before he/she is allowed to sit for the final exam. As expected, some students did not comply with this rule and when we were busy having classes, they were no where to be found. The exam time came and I was told to submit the attendance register so that they can know who sits or misses the exam. When I went through the attendance, I discovered lots of people in my class fell into the category of those that will miss the exam and my friend was one of them. I asked myself, what would I do? After serious thinking, I decided to submit the register without altering it. Why? Because it is what is expected of me to do! Duty demands me to do so. Another reason why I made the decision was because my mind will not be at rest within me if I had altered the attendance register to please my friend. I also wanted them to learn their lessons and be better people. I believe that we should all have a sense of duty and that we should do be faithful people with what is place in our care. Evaluating my decision with Kantian ethics, I will hold that my decision was the right decision after all. In Kantian ethics, focus morality and rightness of action has its basis on duty, treating a man as an end, and universalism. Considering the issue of duty, it is my duty to properly keep the attendant sheet and not alter it. The attendance sheet was placed in my care and so my decision came out of a sense of duty. I did not also expect to be rewarded by my teacher nor do I seek for recognition from the principal. On this basis, Kant himself will approve of what I did. In addition to this, on the issue of treating a man as an end in himself and not a means to an end, I think my actions are also justifiable. For one, I did not submit the attendance sheet because I wanted the teacher to approve of my actions or to say â€Å"job well-done! † Although, I must admit that the teacher commended me and the principal later approve of my conduct, it was not the motivating factor for what I did. I did what I did because it was what I should do. It was the right thing to do. Also, on the issue of universalizability, will I wish that the same action be performed on me if I were the one in their shoes? My answer to this question is â€Å"Yes! † For one, I can not skip classes and even if I skipped classes and had to face the consequence of my action, I don’t think I will feel bad if someone who was merely doing his job did not help me. If I am guilty of an offence and I know the implication before I did it, then I should be made to suffer for it. Furthermore, when I look back and evaluate the decision I made at that time, I always come to a strong conclusion that that was the right thing to do. This is because I believe that no reason given can alter the consideration of duty. I had to ask myself why I was chosen to be the class representative. I was bound by some rules and some things are expected of me. I have to conduct myself in a manner where I will not go against the rules. I could have altered the sheet but that would have been against the purpose of my office. Apart from this, I will be encouraging laxity and indirectly be destroying their lives. They had to learn their lessons and it will not be to their good if they did not learn it. My friend, though furious with me for several years, is now grateful to me for doing what I did. From my own point of view, when we allow erring individuals to go scot-free, we are undermining the order in the society. Our society thrives because there is an order and so this order ought to and must be upheld. Our actions therefore should not be based on feelings or sentiments. We should all learn to do what we are meant to do. That is what is required of us. Reference: †¢ Popper, Karl. R.. â€Å"Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. †(1972) Oxford University Press.

War and Peace

1310 10/17/12 War War is inevitable when disasters exist, but can sometimes be avoidable when conflicting over cultural matters. Primarily, it is in man’s best interest to provide for himself and his family. Those are his two biggest priorities. When any kind of disaster occurs, he must first look after himself and his family before ensuring the safety of others. A civilization works in the same way. Its goal is to carry out the way of life of the people and ensure that it survives. It will fail to reach that goal if the people in the civilization aren’t willing to fight for themselves and what they believe in.If some kind of natural calamity strikes or an outside power that is willing to kill moves in and violently forces its own laws, traditions, and customs, the people must take appropriate actions or face the downfall of their own kind. They must fight to preserve their customs and traditions, or move to another place to live. Now if the intruding invader has any co ncern for the people, but still desires to enforce their laws upon them, non-violence can be used. Non-violence can only be an alternative to war if the force they are fighting against is non-violent.Otherwise, it will only get trampled upon by a violent, oppressive force. In order for a civilization to survive, it must have an adequate supply of resources for its people. A civilization’s supply of resources can easily be depleted by drought, famine, floods, disease and many other natural disasters. When this happens, the civilization must find a way to solve this problem. If a solution can’t be found while staying in the area, they must find another place to live, but that comes with risks. Going out and searching for a new place is very dangerous and many people may die.Another option the impoverished group of people might take would be to seek help to a nearby but separate establishment. This puts the struggling group in the hands of the healthy one. It is then up t o the healthy group to decide if they are going to share their resources or deny it to them. The denial of aide will displease the struggling group and they might have to turn to violence to protect their people. This is because no compromise can be made and both groups are looking out for themselves. Humanity’s natural instinct o survive is the primary reason why violent wars are inevitable. As I have mentioned before, a civilization’s goal is to do anything they can to ensure the prominence and survival of their culture. The Crusades of the middle-ages are a perfect example of acting out on this cultural pride. In 1071, the Catholic Church had previously lost access of the Holy Lands to the Turks. They make a comeback in 1095, at the main series of the Crusades. A lot of conflict and fighting occurred at this time and lasted until 1291.Due to the reason they were fighting, war could have easily been avoidable. The Christians and the Muslims weren’t necessarily fighting for resources, but for the right to own the Holy Lands. The reason both religions wanted it was because both had ties to it. Since they weren’t fighting for resources, they should have been able to share the land without bloodshed. Both should have been able to exist with each other without conflict. Non-violence can be an alternative to war, but only if the people’s lives are a factor in the opposing force’s power.When the British were controlling their colonies in India, they were imposing taxes and trade. The British were using India for its own economic benefits. If the British started killing off the Indians, then there wouldn’t be anybody to pay them their taxes, not to mention it could start a war neither party could afford or want. Even if the British decided to get violent against the resistance, non-violence would have still been effective. This is because the British would use violence to induce fear, but at a cost.Since the British e conomy is dependent on the population of the people, they would actually damage themselves if they were to kill. When people are faced with the options to either fight or die because of competition over resources, they will chose to fight and war will occur. Some wars and conflicts in the past could have been avoided because both parties were intolerant of each other but wanted the same land. In this case, conflict should never have happened, and compromise should have been the solution.